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Technical Standards

Comprehensive technical standards and regulations for motorcycle key systems, covering ISO standards, automotive security protocols, RF frequency regulations, and industry best practices.

ISO Standards

Key Cutting Specifications

ISO 2491:1974

Defines specifications for key cutting including depth measurements, spacing requirements, and tolerance limits for mechanical keys.

  • Key depth specifications (0.5mm to 7.0mm)
  • Cut spacing requirements (minimum 2.5mm)
  • Tolerance limits (±0.025mm)
  • Material hardness requirements

Key Blank Dimensions

ISO R773:1969

Specifies dimensional requirements for key blanks including length, width, thickness, and profile specifications.

  • Standard key lengths (25mm to 85mm)
  • Width specifications (3mm to 15mm)
  • Thickness tolerances (±0.05mm)
  • Profile geometry requirements

Geometrical Product Specifications

ISO 286-1

ISO system of limits and fits for geometrical product specifications including tolerance classes and fundamental deviations for precision key manufacturing.

  • Tolerance classes (IT01 to IT18)
  • Fundamental deviations (A to ZC)
  • Hole and shaft basis systems
  • Precision manufacturing guidelines

Material Testing Standards

Rockwell Hardness Testing

ASTM E18

Standard test methods for Rockwell hardness testing of metallic materials used in key manufacturing and automotive components.

  • Rockwell scales (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K)
  • Test force specifications (15-150 kgf)
  • Indenter requirements (diamond, steel ball)
  • Measurement procedures and calibration

Automotive Security Standards

Immobilizer Systems

ISO 14229

Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) protocol for automotive immobilizer systems and security access procedures.

  • Security access protocols
  • Diagnostic communication
  • Authentication procedures
  • Error handling requirements

Transponder Communication

ISO 11784/11785

Radio frequency identification standards for animal identification adapted for automotive transponder systems.

  • 134.2 kHz frequency specification
  • Data structure requirements
  • Modulation standards
  • Read range specifications

Smart Key Systems

SAE J2945

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) standards for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication.

  • 5.9 GHz frequency band
  • Security protocols
  • Message authentication
  • Encryption requirements

Cryptographic Security

AES-128/256

Advanced Encryption Standard for automotive security systems and key authentication protocols.

  • 128-bit and 256-bit encryption
  • Key management protocols
  • Authentication algorithms
  • Secure key exchange

RF Frequency Standards

ISM Band Regulations

ITU-R SM.1056

Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio band regulations for short-range device applications.

  • 433.05-434.79 MHz band
  • 2.4-2.5 GHz band
  • Power limitations (10mW ERP)
  • Duty cycle restrictions

Short Range Devices

ETSI EN 300 220

European standard for Short Range Devices (SRD) operating in frequency bands 25 MHz to 1000 MHz.

  • 433.05-434.79 MHz allocation
  • 868-870 MHz band
  • Transmitter power limits
  • Spurious emission limits

Low Frequency RFID

ISO 18000-2

Information technology for Radio frequency identification for item management at 135 kHz.

  • 125-134 kHz frequency range
  • Magnetic field strength limits
  • Data encoding methods
  • Anti-collision protocols

Bluetooth Low Energy

IEEE 802.15.1

Wireless personal area network standard for Bluetooth Low Energy applications in automotive systems.

  • 2.4 GHz ISM band operation
  • Frequency hopping spread spectrum
  • Low power consumption
  • Security protocols (AES-128)

Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards

EMC for Automotive

ISO 11452

Road vehicles electromagnetic compatibility test methods for components and subsystems including key systems.

  • Immunity test methods
  • Emission test procedures
  • Test setup requirements
  • Performance criteria

EMC Generic Standards

EN 61000-6-3

Electromagnetic compatibility generic emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments.

  • Conducted emissions limits
  • Radiated emissions limits
  • Harmonic current limits
  • Voltage fluctuation limits

EMC Immunity Standards

EN 61000-6-1

Electromagnetic compatibility generic immunity standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments.

  • ESD immunity requirements
  • RF field immunity
  • Conducted immunity
  • Power frequency magnetic field

Vehicle EMC Limits

CISPR 25

Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement.

  • Broadband emission limits
  • Narrowband emission limits
  • Measurement procedures
  • Test setup configurations

Motorcycle Specific Standards

Motorcycle Safety

ECE R10

UN Regulation on electromagnetic compatibility for motorcycles and their electrical/electronic sub-assemblies.

  • EMC requirements for motorcycles
  • Electronic sub-assembly testing
  • Installation guidelines
  • Type approval procedures

Anti-theft Systems

ECE R62

UN Regulation concerning the approval of power-driven vehicle equipped with anti-theft alarm systems.

  • Alarm system requirements
  • Immobilizer specifications
  • Performance testing
  • Installation requirements

Ignition Switch Systems

SAE J1747

Recommended practice for motorcycle ignition switch systems including key-operated switches and electronic systems.

  • Switch performance requirements
  • Durability testing procedures
  • Environmental testing
  • Electrical specifications

Motorcycle Electronics

ISO 26262

Road vehicles functional safety standard applicable to motorcycle electronic systems including key management.

  • Functional safety requirements
  • ASIL classification
  • Safety lifecycle processes
  • Verification and validation

Security and Encryption Standards

Challenge-Response Authentication

ISO/IEC 9798

Information technology security techniques for entity authentication using challenge-response protocols.

  • Authentication mechanisms
  • Challenge generation
  • Response verification
  • Replay attack prevention

Random Number Generation

FIPS 140-2

Security requirements for cryptographic modules including random number generators for key systems.

  • Security level requirements
  • Physical security
  • Cryptographic key management
  • Authentication mechanisms

Key Exchange Protocols

RFC 5246

Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol for secure key exchange and authentication in automotive applications.

  • Handshake protocols
  • Certificate validation
  • Cipher suite negotiation
  • Session management

Digital Signatures

FIPS 186-4

Digital Signature Standard (DSS) for authentication and integrity verification in key programming systems.

  • DSA algorithm specifications
  • ECDSA implementations
  • RSA signature schemes
  • Hash function requirements

Environmental and Testing Standards

Cold Temperature Testing

IEC 60068-2-1

Environmental testing procedures for cold temperature testing of electronic key components and motorcycle systems.

  • Cold temperature testing (-65°C to +16°C)
  • Test duration requirements
  • Performance criteria
  • Recovery testing procedures

Dry Heat Testing

IEC 60068-2-2

Environmental testing procedures for dry heat testing of electronic key components and motorcycle systems.

  • High temperature testing (+16°C to +200°C)
  • Test chamber requirements
  • Specimen conditioning
  • Performance evaluation

Humidity Testing

IEC 60068-2-78

Environmental testing procedures for damp heat, steady state testing of key electronic components.

  • Humidity levels (93% ±3% RH)
  • Temperature control (40°C ±2°C)
  • Test duration specifications
  • Condensation prevention

Vibration Testing

IEC 60068-2-6

Environmental testing procedures for sinusoidal vibration testing of motorcycle key components.

  • Frequency range (10 Hz to 2000 Hz)
  • Acceleration levels
  • Test duration requirements
  • Mounting specifications

Manufacturing Standards

Quality Management

ISO 9001:2015

Quality management systems requirements for organizations involved in key manufacturing and programming services.

  • Process documentation
  • Continuous improvement
  • Customer satisfaction
  • Risk-based thinking

Precision Manufacturing

ISO 286-1

Geometrical product specifications for limits and fits in precision key manufacturing.

  • Tolerance classes
  • Fundamental deviations
  • Fit calculations
  • Surface finish requirements

Material Testing

ASTM E18

Standard test methods for Rockwell hardness testing of metallic materials used in key manufacturing.

  • Rockwell hardness scales
  • Test procedures
  • Calibration requirements
  • Uncertainty calculations

Corrosion Testing

ASTM B117

Standard practice for operating salt spray (fog) apparatus for corrosion testing of key materials.

  • Salt spray test procedures
  • Environmental conditions
  • Evaluation criteria
  • Reporting requirements

CNC Machining Standards

ISO 230-1

Test code for machine tools - Part 1: Geometric accuracy of machines operating under no-load or quasi-static conditions.

  • Geometric accuracy testing
  • Machine tool calibration
  • Measurement procedures
  • Uncertainty evaluation

Surface Texture

ISO 4287

Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters.

  • Ra, Rz, Rq parameters
  • Measurement procedures
  • Filtering requirements
  • Evaluation length specifications

Communication Protocol Standards

CAN Bus Protocol

ISO 11898

Road vehicles - Controller area network (CAN) for high-speed communication in motorcycle electronic systems.

  • Physical layer specifications
  • Data link layer protocols
  • Error detection mechanisms
  • Message arbitration

Automotive Ethernet

IEEE 802.3bw

Standard for Ethernet Physical Layer Specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Mb/s Operation over a Single Balanced Twisted Pair Cable.

  • 100BASE-T1 specifications
  • Single twisted pair cable
  • Automotive EMC requirements
  • Power over Data Lines (PoDL)

USB Communication

USB 2.0/3.0

Universal Serial Bus specifications for key programming tool communication and data transfer.

  • High-speed data transfer
  • Power delivery specifications
  • Device enumeration
  • Error detection and correction

Near Field Communication

ISO 14443

Identification cards - Contactless integrated circuit cards - Proximity cards for short-range communication.

  • 13.56 MHz frequency operation
  • Type A and Type B protocols
  • Anti-collision algorithms
  • Data transmission protocols

Industry Specific Standards

Automotive SPICE

ISO 15504

Information technology - Process assessment framework for automotive software development including key system software.

  • Process capability levels
  • Assessment methodology
  • Process improvement
  • Capability determination

Software Coding Standards

MISRA C

Motor Industry Software Reliability Association guidelines for C programming in safety-critical automotive systems.

  • Coding rule compliance
  • Static analysis requirements
  • Safety-critical guidelines
  • Code review procedures

Automotive Quality

IATF 16949

Quality management system requirements for automotive production and relevant service part organizations.

  • Customer-specific requirements
  • Defect prevention methodology
  • Supply chain management
  • Continuous improvement

Environmental Management

ISO 14001

Environmental management systems requirements for organizations involved in key manufacturing and disposal.

  • Environmental policy
  • Legal compliance
  • Resource management
  • Performance evaluation

Regional Regulatory Standards

FCC Regulations (USA)

47 CFR Part 15

Federal Communications Commission rules for radio frequency devices including motorcycle key systems.

  • Unlicensed device regulations
  • Emission limits
  • Equipment authorization
  • Labeling requirements

CE Marking (Europe)

RED 2014/53/EU

Radio Equipment Directive for placing radio equipment on the European market including key systems.

  • Essential requirements
  • Conformity assessment
  • Declaration of conformity
  • CE marking requirements

IC Regulations (Canada)

RSS-210

Industry Canada Radio Standards Specification for licence-exempt radio apparatus including key fobs.

  • Licence-exempt operation
  • Technical requirements
  • Equipment certification
  • Labeling requirements

JATE Approval (Japan)

Radio Law

Japan Approvals Institute for Telecommunications Equipment certification for radio equipment.

  • Type approval procedures
  • Technical standards compliance
  • Testing requirements
  • Certification marking

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Technical Standards

ISO 2491:1974 Standard ISO R773-1969 Standard Automotive Security Standards RF Frequency Regulations

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